St. Louis, Missouri, USA
April 27, 2016
Scientists are working diligently now to prepare for the expected increase in global population — and therefore an increased need for food production— in the coming decades. A team of engineers at Washington University in St. Louis has found a sustainable way to boost the growth of a protein-rich bean by improving the way it absorbs much-needed nutrients.
This graphic shows the process (clockwise) of the mung bean plant taking up phosphorus from the soil using nanoparticles.
Ramesh Raliya, a research scientist, and Pratim Biswas, the Lucy & Stanley Lopata Professor and chair of the Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, both at the School of Engineering & Applied Science, discovered a way to reduce the use of fertilizer made from rock phosphorus and still see improvements in the growth of food crops by using zinc oxide nanoparticles.
The research was published April 7 in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Raliya says this is the first study to show how to mobilize native phosphorus in the soil using zinc oxide nanoparticles over the life cycle of the plant, from seed to harvest.
Food crops need phosphorus to grow, and farmers are using more and more phosphorus-based fertilizer as they increase crops to feed a growing world population. However, the plants can only use about 42 percent of the phosphorus applied to the soil, so the rest runs off into the water streams, where it grows algae that pollutes our water sources. In addition, nearly 82 percent of the world's phosphorus is used as fertilizer, but it is a limited supply, Raliya says.
"If farmers use the same amount of phosphorus as they're using now, the world's supply will be depleted in about 80 years," Raliya says. "Now is the time for the world to learn how to use phosphorus in a more sustainable manner."
Raliya and his collaborators, including Jagadish Chandra Tarafdar at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute in Jodhpur, India, created zinc oxide nanoparticles from a fungus around the plant's root that helps the plant mobilize and take up the nutrients in the soil. Zinc also is an essential nutrient for plants because it interacts with three enzymes that mobilize the complex form of phosphorus in the soil into a form that plants can absorb.
"Due to climate change, the daily temperature and rainfall amounts have changed," Raliya says. "When they changed, the microflora in the soil are also changed, and once those are depleted, the soil phosphorus can't mobilize the phosphorus, so the farmer applies more. Our goal is to increase the activity of the enzymes by several-fold, so we can mobilize the native phosphorus several-fold."
When Raliya and the team applied the zinc nanoparticles to the leaves of the mung bean plant, it increased the uptake of the phosphorus by nearly 11 percent and the activity of the three enzymes by 84 percent to 108 percent. That leads to a lesser need to add phosphorus on the soil, Raliya says.
"When the enzyme activity increases, you don't need to apply the external phosphorus, because it's already in the soil, but not in an available form for the plant to uptake," he says. "When we apply these nanoparticles, it mobilizes the complex form of phosphorus to an available form."
The mung bean is a legume grown mainly in China, southeast Asia and India, where 60 percent of the population is vegetarian and relies on plant-based protein sources. The bean is adaptable to a variety of climate conditions and is very affordable for people to grow.
Raliya says 45 percent of the worldwide phosphorus use for agriculture takes place in India and China. Much of the phosphorus supply in developing countries is imported from the United States and Morocco-based rock phosphate mines.
"We hope that this method of using zinc oxide nanoparticles can be deployed in developing countries where farmers are using a lot of phosphorus," Raliya says. "These countries are dependent on the U.S. to export phosphorus to them, but in the future, the U.S. may have to help supply food, as well. If this crop can grow in a more sustainable manner, it will be helpful for everyone."
"This is a broader effort under way at the nexus of food, energy and water," Biswas says. "Nanoparticle technology enabled by aerosol science helps develop innovative solutions to address this global challenge problem that we face today."
The School of Engineering & Applied Science at Washington University in St. Louis focuses intellectual efforts through a new convergence paradigm and builds on strengths, particularly as applied to medicine and health, energy and environment, entrepreneurship and security. With 88 tenured/tenure-track and 40 additional full-time faculty, 1,300 undergraduate students, more than 900 graduate students and more than 23,000 alumni, we are working to leverage our partnerships with academic and industry partners — across disciplines and across the world — to contribute to solving the greatest global challenges of the 21st century.
PUBLICATION
Raliya R, Tarafdar JC, Biswas P. Enhancing the mobilization of native phosphorus in mung bean rhizosphere using ZnO nanoparticle synthesized by soil fungi. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. April 7, 2016. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05224.
Funding for this research was provided by the National Science Foundation (ECS-0335765) and the National Agricultural Innovation Project NAIP/C4/C-2032 of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Government of India.
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